What Is a Constitutionally Limited Government

In a â€Å"limited government,† the power of the government to intervene in the lives and activities of the people is limited by constitutional law. While some people argue that it is not limited enough, the United States government is an example of a constitutionally limited government. Constitutionally Limited Government Key Takeaways The term â€Å"limited government† refers to any central government in which that government’s powers over the people are limited by a written or otherwise agreed to constitution or overriding rule of law.The doctrine of limited government is the opposite â€Å"absolutism† which bestows all power over the people to a single person, such as a king, queen, or similar sovereign.The English Magna Carta of 1512 was the first legally binding written charter of rights to encompass the concept of limited government.The central government of the United States of America is constitutionally limited government.   Limited government is typically considered to be the ideological opposite of the doctrines of â€Å"absolutism† or the Divine Right of Kings, which grant a single person unlimited sovereignty over the people. The history of limited government in Western civilization dates back to the English Magna Carta of 1512. While the Magna Carta’s limits on the powers of the king protected only a small sector or the English people, it did grant the king’s barons certain limited rights they could apply in opposition to the king’s policies. The English Bill of Rights, arising from the Glorious Revolution of 1688, further limited the powers of the royal sovereignty. In contrast to the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights, the U.S. Constitution establishes a central government limited by the document itself through a system of three branches of government with limits over each other’s powers, and the right of the people to freely elect the president and members of Congress. Limited Government in the United States The Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, embodied a limited government. However, by failing to provide any way for the national government to raise money to pay its staggering Revolutionary War debt, or to defend itself against foreign aggression, the document left the nation in financial chaos. Thus, the third incarnation of the Continental Congress convened the Constitutional Convention from 1787 to 1789 to replace the Articles of Confederation with the U.S. Constitution. After great debate, the delegates of the Constitutional Convention conceived a doctrine of limited government based on a constitutionally required system of separation of powers with checks and balances as explained by James Madison in the Federalist Papers, No. 45. Madison’s concept of limited government maintained that the powers of the new government should be limited internally by the Constitution itself and externally by the American people through the representative electoral process. Madison also stressed the need for an understanding that the limitations placed on the government, as well as the U.S. Constitution itself, must provide the flexibility needed to allow the government to change as required over the years. Today, the Bill of Rights – the first 10 amendments -- forms a vital part of the Constitution. While the first eight amendments spell out the rights and protections retained by the people, the Ninth Amendment and the Tenth Amendment define the process of limited government as practiced in the United States. Together, the Ninth and Tenth Amendments spell out the difference between the â€Å"enumerated† rights expressly granted to the people through the Constitution and the implied or â€Å"natural† rights granted to all people by nature or God. In addition, the Tenth Amendment defines the individual and shared powers of the U.S. government and the state governments forming the American version of federalism. How is the Power of U.S. Government Limited? While it never mentions the term â€Å"limited government,† the Constitution limits the power of the federal government in at least three key ways: As expressed largely in the First Amendment and throughout the rest of the Bill of Rights, the government is prohibited from directly interfering in certain areas of the lives of the people, such as religion, speech and expression, and association.Certain powers forbidden to the federal government are granted exclusively to the state and local governments.Powers and rights not reserved by either the federal or state governments are retained by the people. In Practice, Limited or ‘Limitless’ Government? Today, many people question whether the restrictions in the Bill of Rights ever have or ever can adequately limit the growth of the government or the extent to which it intervenes in the affairs of the people. Even while complying with the spirit of the Bill of Rights, the government’s reach of control in controversial areas such as religion in schools, gun control, reproductive rights, same-sex marriage, and gender identity, have stretched the abilities of Congress and the federal courts to justly interpret and apply the letter of the Constitution. In the thousands of federal regulations created annually by dozens of [link]independent federal agencies, boards, and commissions[link], we see further evidence of how greatly the government’s realm of influence has grown over the years. However, it is important to remember that in almost all cases, the people themselves have demanded that the government create and enforce these laws and regulations. For example, laws intended to ensure things not covered by the Constitution, like clean water and air, safe workplaces, consumer protection, and many more have been demanded by the people over the years. Sources and Further Reference   â€Å"limited government.† Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.Barth, Alan. â€Å"The Roots of Limited Government.† The Future of Freedom Foundation (1991).Jay, John; Madison, James; Hamilton, Alexander. â€Å"The Federalist Papers.† Rutgers Universityâ€Å"Unenumerated Rights—Ninth Amendment.† U.S. Government Printing Office.â€Å"Reserved Powers—Tenth Amendment.† U.S. Government Printing Office.

Documentation Of An Accurate Medical Record - 928 Words

Accurate nursing documentation is paramount to increased level of care for a patients that are admitted into hospitals, referred to other providers or discharged from care. An accurate medical record is by far the most reliable source of information on the care of a patient. The proper documentation by nurses prevents errors and facilitates continuity of care. Documentation plays a vital role in research, education, quality assurance and reimbursements for both patients and providers (Okaisu, Kalikwani, Wanyana, Coetzee, 2014, p. 1). The importance of documentation is not lost on any RN, but continuity in what is recorded and what is absolutely necessary to have in a patient’s record is not always met. Case management in the emergency department, constantly works to find the right data in a patient’s record to ensure that they have the correct insurance coverage and can be admitted or discharged at the appropriate time and place. 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Part Two William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Essay Example For Students

Part Two William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Essay Part Two William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Lord Campbell, as we have just seen, mentions Henry VIII as one of the fourteen plays in which he has found nothing which relates to the question in hand; but Mr. Rushton opens his batteries with the following passage from the very play just named; and to most readers it will seem a bomb of the largest dimensions, sent right into the citadel of his opponents: Suff. Lord Cardinal, the kings further pleasure is, Because all those things you have done of late By your power legatine within this kingdom Fall into compass of a premunire, That therefore such a writ be sued against you, To forfeit all your goods, lands, tenements, Chattels, and whatsoever, and to be Out of the kings protection:ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?this is my charge. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?King Henry VIII, Act iii. Sc. 2. We shall first remark, that, in spite of his declaration as to Henry VIII, Lord Campbell does cite and quote this very, passage p. 2; and, indeed, he must have been as unappreciative as he seems to have been inaccurate, had he failed to do so; for, upon its face, it is, with one or two exceptions, the most important passage of the kind to be found in Shakespeares works. Premunire is thus defined in an old law-book, which was accessible to Shakespeare: Premunire is a writ, and it lieth where any man sueth any other in the spirituall court for anything that is determinable in the Kings Court, and that is ordeined by certaine statutes, and great punishment therefore ordeined, as it appeareth by the same statutes, viz. that he shall be out of the Kings protection, and that he be put in prison without baile or mainprise till that he have made fine at the Kings will, and that his landes and goods shal be forfait, if he come not within ij. moneths. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Termes de la Ley, 1595, fol. 144. The object of the writ was to prevent the abuse of spiritual power. Now, here is a law-term quite out of the common, which is used by Shakespeare with a well-deployed knowledge of the power of the writ of which it is the name. Must we, therefore, suppose that Shakespeare had obtained his knowledge of the purpose and the power of this writ in the course of professional reading or practice? If we looked no farther than Shakespeares page, such a supposition might seem to be warranted. But if we turn to Michael Draytons Legend of Great Cromwell, first published, we believe, in 1607, but certainly some years before Henry VIII was written, and the subject of which figures in that play, we find these lines, This Me to urge the Premunire wonne, Ordaind in matters dangerous and hie; In t which the heedlesse Prelacie were runne That back into the Papacie did flie.  ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Ed. 1619, p. 382. Here is the very phrase in question, used with a knowledge of its meaning and of the functions of the writ hardly less remarkable than that evinced in the passage from Henry VIII, though expressed in a different manner, owing chiefly to the fact that Drayton wrote a didactic poem and Shakespeare a drama. But Drayton is not known to have been an attorneys clerk, nor has he been suspected, from his writings, or any other cause, to have had any knowledge of the law. Both he and Shakespeare, however, read the Chronicles. Reading men perused Halls and Holinsheds huge blackletter folios in Queen Elizabeths time with as much interest as they do Macaulays or Prescotts elegant octavos in the reign of her successor, Victoria. Shakespeare drew again and again upon the former for the material of his historical plays; and in writing Henry VIII he adopted often the very language of the Chronicler. The well-known description of Wolsey, which he puts into the mouth of Queen Katherine, He was a man Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking Himself with princes; one that by suggestion Tithd all the kingdom: Simony was fair play: His own opinion was his law: I the presence He would say untruths; and be ever double, Both in his words and meaning: He was never, But where he meant to ruin, pitiful: His promises were, as he then was, mighty; But his performance, as he is now, nothing: Of his own body he was ill, and gave The clergy ill example, is little more than the following paragraph from Holinshed put into verse: This cardinal as you may perceive in this storie was of a great stomach, for he compted himselfe equall with princes, and by craftie suggestion gat into his hands innumerable treasure: he forced little on simonie, and was not pittiful, and stood affectionate in his owne opinion: in open presence he would lie and saie untruth, and was double both in speach and meaning: he wou ld promise much and performe little: he was vicious of his bodie, and gave the clergie evill example. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ed. 1587, vol. iii. p. 922. Turning back from the page on which the Chronicler comments upon the life of the dead prime-minister, to that on which he records his fall, we find these passages: In the meane time, the king, being informed that all those things that the cardinall had doone by his power legatine within this realme were in the case of the premunire and provision, caused his attornie, Christopher Hales, to sue out a writ of premunire against him. . . . . . After this in the kings bench his matter for the premunire being called upon, two atturneis which he had authorised by his warrant, signed with his owne hand, confessed the action, and so bad judgement to forfeit all his lands, tenements, goods, and cattels, and to be out of the kings protection. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. p. 909. If the reader will look back at the passage touching the premunire, quoted above, he will see that these few lines from Raphael Holinshed are somewhat fatal to an argument in favor of Shakespeares legal acquirements, in so far as it rests in any degree upon the use of terms or the knowledge displayed in that passage. Shakespeare and Drayton are here in the same boat, though not with the same sculls. Before we shelve HolinshedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?for the good Raphaels folios are like Falstaff in size, if not in wit, and, when once laid flat-long, require levers to set them up on end againÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?let us see if he cannot help us to account for more of the legalisms that our Lord Chief Justice and our barrister have smelt out in Shakespeares historical plays. Mr. Rushton quotes the following passages from Richard II: York. Is not Gaunt dead? and doth not Hereford live? * * * Take Herefords rights away, and take from time His charters and his customary rights; Let not to-morrow, then, ensue to-day: Be not thyself; for how art thou a king, But by fair sequence and succession? Now, afore God, God forbid I say true! If you do wrongfully seize Herefords rights, Call in the letters patents that he hath By his attorneys-general to sue, His livery, and deny his offerd homage, You pluck a thousand dangers on your head. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act ii. Sc. 1. Bol. I am denied to sue my livery here, And yet my letters patents give me leave: My fathers goods are all distraind and sold; And these, and all, are all amiss employed. What would you have me do? I am a subject, And challenge law: Attorneys are denied me; And therefore personally I lay my claim To my inheritance of free descent. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. Sc. 3. And Lord Campbell, although he passes by these passages in Richard II, quotes, as important, from a speech of Hotspurs in the First Part of Henry IV, the following lines, which, it will be seen, refer to the same act of oppression on the part of Richard II towards Bolingbroke: He came but to be Duke of Lancaster, To sue his livery and beg his bread. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iv. Sc. 3. But, here again, Shakespeare, although he may have known more law than Holinshed, or even Hall, who was a barrister, only used the law-terms that he found in the paragraph which furnished him with the incident that he dramatized. For, after recording the death of Gaunt, the Chronicle goes on: The death of this duke gave occasion of increasing more hatred in the people of this realme toward the king; for he seized into his hands all the rents and reuenues of his hands which ought to have descended unto the duke of Hereford by lawfull inheritance, in reuoking his letters patents which he had granted to him before, by virtue whereof he might make, his attorneis generall to sue liverie for him of any manner of inheritances or possessions that might from thencefoorth fall unto him, and that his homage might be respited with making reasonable fine, etc. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?HOLINSHED, Ed. 1587, p. 496. The only legal phrase, however, in these passages of Richard II, which seems to imply very extraordinary legal knowledge, is the one repeated in Henry IVÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?sue his livery,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?which was the term applied to the process by which, in the old feudal tenures, wards, whether of the king or other guardian, on arriving at legal age, could compel a delivery of their estates to them from their guardians. But hence, it became a metaphorical expression to mean merely the attainment of majority, and in this sense seems to have been very generally understood and not uncommonly used. See the following, from an author who was no attorney or attorneys clerk: If Cupid Shoot arrows of that weight, Ill swear devoutly Has sued his livery and is no more a boy. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?FLETCHERS Womans Prize, Act ii. Sc. 1. And this, from the works of a divine: Our little Cupid hath sued livery And is no more in his minority. ÃÆ' ¢Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?DONNES Eclogues, 1613. Spenser, too, uses the phrase figuratively in another sense, in the following passageÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?which may be one of those which Chalmers had in his eye, when, according to Lord Campbell, he first suggested that Shakespeare was once an attorneys clerk: She gladly did of that same Babe accept, As of her owne by liverey and seisin; And having over it a little wept, She bore it thence, and ever as her owne it kept. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Faerie Queene, B. VI. C. iv. st. 37. So, for instance of the phrase fee, which Lord Campbell notices as one of those expressions and allusions which crop out in Hamlet, showing the substratum of law in the author mind, We go to gain a little patch of ground, That hath in it no profit but the name. To pay five ducats, five, I would not farm it; Nor will it yield to Norway or the Pole A ranker rate, should it be sold in fee. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iv. Sc. 2. and of which Mr. Rushton quotes several instances in its fuller form, fee simple,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?we have but to turn back a few stanzas in this same canto of the Faerie Queene, to find one in which the term is used with the completest apprehension of its meaning: So is my lord now seizd of fill the land, As in his fee, with peaceable estate, And quietly doth hold it in his hand, Ne any dares with him for it debate. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. st. 30. And in the next canto: Of which the greatest part is due to me, And heaven itself, by heritage in fee. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. C. vii. st. 15. And in the first of these two passages from the Faerie Queene, we have two words, seized and estate, intelligently and correctly used in their purely legal sense, as Shakespeare himself uses them in the following passages, which our Chief Justice and our barrister have both passed by, as, indeed, they have passed many others equally worthy of notice: Did forfeit with his life all those his lands Which he stood seizd of to the conqueror. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Hamlet, Act i. Sc. 1. The terms of our estate may not endure Hazard so near us, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. Act iii. Sc. 3. Part Three William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Among the most important passages cited by both our authors is one that every reader of Shakespeare will recollect, when it is mentioned to himÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Hamlets speech over the, skull in the grave-digging scene. But although this speech is remarkable for the number of law terms used in it, only one of them seems to evince any recondite knowledge of the law. This is the word statutes, in the following sentence: This fellow might be ins time a buyer of land, with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines, his double vouchers, his recoveries. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act v. Sc. 1. The general reader supposes, we believe, and very naturally, that here statutes means laws, Acts of Parliament concerning real estate. But, as Mr. Rushton remarks, Malone having explained the term before him, The statutes referred to by Hamlet are, doubtless, statutes merchant and statutes staple. And a statute merchant so called from the 13th Edward I, De mercatoribus was a bond acknowledged before one of the clerks of the statutes merchant, and the mayor, etc. , etc. A statute staple, properly so called, was a bond of record, acknowledged before the mayor of the staple, etc. , etc. Here we again have a law-term apparently so out of the ken of an unprofessional writer, that it would seem to flavor the Attorney and Solicitor theory. But let us see if the knowledge which its use implies was confined to Shakespeare among the dramatists of his time. In Fletchers Noble Gentleman, a comedy, first performed in 1625, we find a lady, sorely pushed for ready cash, crying out, Take up at any use: give bond, or land, Or mighty statutes, able by their strength To tie up Samson, were he now alive. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act i. Sc. 1. And in Middletons Family of Love, where, by the way, the Free-Love folk of our own day may find their peculiar notions set forth and made the basis of the action, though the play was printed two hundred and fifty years ago we find a female free-loveyer thus teaching a mercantile brother of the family, that, although she has a sisterly disregard for some worldly restraints, she yet keeps an eye on the main chance: Tut, you are master Dryfab, the merchant: your skill is greater in cony-skins and woolpacks than in gentlemen. His lands be in statutes: you merchants were wont to be merchant staplers; but now gentlemen have gotten up the trade; for there is not one gentleman amongst twenty but his lands be engaged in twenty statutes staple. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act i. Sc. 3. And in the very first speech of the first scene of the same play, the husband of this virtuous and careful dame says of the same Gerardine, who, as he is poor and a gentleman, it need hardly be said, is about the only honest man in the piece,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?His lands be in statutes. And that poor debauchee, Robert Greene, who knew no more of law than be might have derived from such limited, though authentic information as to its powers over gentlemen who made debts without the intention of paying them, as he may have received at frequent unsolicited interviews with a sergeant or a bum-bailiff, has this passage in his Quip for an Upstart Courtier, 1592: The mercer he followeth the young upstart gentleman that bath no government of himself and feedeth his humour to go brave: he shall not want silks, sattins, velvets to pranke abroad in his pompe; but with this proviso, that he must bind over his land in a statute merchant or staple; and so at last forfeit all unto the merciless mercer, and leave himself never a foot of land in England. Very profound legal studies, therefore, cannot be predicated of Shakespeare on the ground of the knowledge which he has shown of this peculiar kind of statute. It is not surprising that both our legal Shakespearean commentators cite the following passage from As You Like It in support of their theory; for in it the word extent is used in a sense so purely technical, that not one in a thousand of Shakespeares lay readers nowadays would understand it without a note: Duke F. Well, push him out of doors, And let my officers of such a nature Make an extent upon his house and lands. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iii. Sc. 1. Extent, as Mr. Rushton remarks, is directed to the sheriff to seize and value lands and goods to the utmost extent; an extendi facias, as Lord Campbell authoritatively says, applying to the house and lands as a fieri facias would apply to goods and chattels, or a capias ad satisfaciendum to the person. But that John Fletcher knew, as well as my Lord Chief Justice, or Mr. Barrister Rushton, or even, perhaps, William Shakespeare, all the woes that followed an extent, the elder Mr. Weller at least would not have doubted, had he in the course of his literary leisure fallen upon the following passage in Wit Without Money 1630: Val. Mark me, widows Are long extents in law upon mens livings, Upon their bodies winding-sheets: they that enjoy em. Lie but with dead mens monuments, find beget Only their own ill epitaphs. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act ii. Sc. 2. George Wilkins, too, the obscure author of The Miseries of Enforced Marriage, uses the term with as full an understanding, though not with so feeling an expression or so scandalous an illustration of it, in the following passage from the fifth act of that play, which was produced about 1605 or 1606: They are usurers; they come yawning for money; and the sheriff with them is come to serve an extent upon your land, and then seize your body by force of execution. Another seemingly recondite law-phrase used by Shakespeare, which Lord Campbell passes entirely by, though Mr. Rushton quotes three instances of it, is taken with the manner. This has nothing to do with good manners or ill manners; but, in the words of the old law-book before cited, is when a theefe hath stollen and is followed with hue and crie and taken, having that found about him which he stoleÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that is called ye maynour. And so we commonly use to saye, when wee finde one doing of an unlawfull act, that we tooke him with the maynour or manner. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Termes de la Ley, 1595, fol. 126, b. Shakespeare, therefore, uses the phrase with perfect understanding, when he makes Prince Hal say to Bardolph, O villain, thou stolest a cup of sack eighteen years ago, and wert taken with the manner, and ever since thou hast blushed extempore. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?1 Henry IV. Act ii. Sc. 4. But so Fletcher uses the same phrase, and as correctly, when he makes Perez say to Estefania, in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, How like a sheep-biting rogue, taken I the manner, And ready for the halter, dost thou look now! ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act v. Sc. 4. But both Fletcher and Shakespeare, in their use of this phrase, unusual as it now seems to us, have only exemplified the custom referred to by our contemporary local authority,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?And so we commonly use to saye, when wee finde one doing of an unlawfull act, that we tooke him with the maynour; though this must doubtless be understood to refer to persons of a certain degree of education and knowledge of the world. It seems, then, that the application of legal phraseology to the ordinary affairs of life was more common two hundred and fifty years ago than now; though even now-a-days it is much more generally used in the rural districts than persons who have not lived in them would suppose. There law shares with agriculture the function of providing those phrases of common conversation which, used figuratively at first, and often with poetic feeling, soon pass into mere thought-saving formulas of speech, and which in large cities are, chiefly drawn from tr ade and politics. And if in the use of the law-terms upon which we have remarked, which are the more, especially technical and remote from the language, of unprofessional life, among all those which occur in Shakespeares works, he was not singular, but, as we have seen, availed himself only of a knowledge which other contemporary poets and playwrights possessed, how much more easily might we show that those commoner legal words and phrases, to remarks upon Shakespeares use of which both the books before us and especially Lord Campbells are mainly devoted, judgment, fine, these presents, testaments, attorney, arbitrator, fees, bond, lease, pleading, arrest, session, mortgage, vouchers, indentures, assault, battery, dower, covenant, distrain, bail, non-suit, etc. , etc. , etc. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?words which everybody understandsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?are scattered through all the literature of Shakespeares time, and, indeed, of all time since there were courts and suits at la w! Many of the passages which Lord Campbell cites as evidence of Shakespeares legal acquirements excite only a smile at the self-delusion of the critic who could regard them for a moment in that light. For instance, these lines in that most exquisite song in Measure for MeasureÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Take, oh, take those lips awayÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? But my kisses bring again Seals of love, but seald in vain and these from Venus and Adonis, Pure lips, sweet seals in my soft lips imprinted, What bargains may I make, still to be sealing! to which Mr. Rushton adds from Hamlet A combination and a form, indeed, Where every god did seem to set his seal. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iii. Sc. 4. Now must your conscience my acquittance seal. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iv. Sc. 7. And because indentures and deeds and covenants are scaled, these passages must be accepted as part of the evidence that Shakespeare narrowly escaped being made Lord High Chancellor of England It requires all the learning and the logic of a Lord Chief Justice and a London barrister to establish a connection between such premises and such a conclusion. And if Shakespeares lines smell of law, how strong is the odor of parchment and red tape in these, from Draytons Fourth Eclogue 1605: Kindnesse againe with kindnesse was repayd, And with sweet kisses couenants were sealed. We ask pardon of the reader for the production of contemporary evidence, that, in Shakespeares day, a knowledge of the significance and binding nature of a seal was not confined to him among poets; for surely a man must be both a lawyer and a Shakespearean commentator to forget that the use of seals is as old as the art of writing, and, perhaps, older, and that the practice has furnished a figure of speech to poets from the time when it was written, that out of the whirlwind Job heard, It is turned as clay to the seal, and probably from a period yet more remote. How does Act 3, scene 1 fit into the structure of 'Romeo and Juliet', and how does Shakespeare create dramatic tension in the scene? EssayBut, as far as regards its reference to a leaving of law for literature, it is clearly of general application. Nash says, It is a common practice, now-a-days, amongst a sort of shifting companions, etc. , to leave the trade of Noverint, whereto they were born, and busy themselves, etc. By the trade of Noverint be meant that of an attorney. The term was not uncommonly applied to members of that profession, because of the phrase, Noverint universi per presentes, Know all men by these presents, with which deeds, bonds, and many other legal instruments then began. And Nashs testimony accords with what we know of the social and literary history of the age. There was no regular army in Elizabeths time; and the younger sons of gentlemen and well-to-do yeomen, who received from their fathers little more than an education and a very small allowance, and who did not become either military or maritime adventurers, opening their oyster with a sword, entered the Church or the profession of the law in its higher or lower grade; and as at that period there was much more demand for lawyers and much less for clergymen than there is now, and the Church had ceased to be a stepping stone to political power and patronage, while the law had become more than ever before an avenue to fame, to fortune, and to rank, by far the greater number of these young gentlemen aspired to the woolsack. But then, as now, the early years of professional life were seasons of sharp trial and bitter disappointment. Necessity pressed sorely or pleasure wooed resistlessly, and the slender purse wasted rapidly away while the young attorney or barrister awaited the employment that did not come. He knew then, as now he knows, the rich mans scorn, the proud mans contumely; nay, he felt, as now he sometimes feels, the tooth of hunger gnawing through the principles and firm resolves that partition a life of honor and self-respect from one darkened by conscious loss of rectitude, if not by open shame. HappyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?yet, perhaps, oh, unhappyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?he who now in such a strait can wield the pen of a ready writer!  ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?for the press, perchance, may afford him a support which, though temporary and precarious, will hold him up until he can stand upon more stable ground. But in the reigns of Good Queen Bess and Gentle Jami e there was no press. There was, however, an incessant demand for new plays. Play-going was the chief intellectual recreation of that day for all classes, high and low. It filled the place of our newspapers, our books, our lectures, our concerts, our pictureseeing and, in a great measure, of our social gatherings and amusements, of whatever nature. It is hardly extravagant to say, that there were then more new plays produced in London in a month than there are now in Great Britain and the United States in a year. To play-writing, then, the needy young attorney or barrister possessed of literary talent turned his eyes at that day, as he does now to journalism; and it is almost beyond a doubt, that, of the multitudinous plays of that period which have survived and the thousands which have perished, a large proportion were produced by the younger sons of country gentlemen, who, after taking their degrees at Oxford or Cambridge, or breaking away from those classic bounds ungraduated, entered the Inns of Court, according to the custom of their day and their condition. They wrote plays in Latin, and even in English, for themselves to act; and they got the professional players to act popular plays for them on festal days. What more natural, then, than that those who had the ability and the need should seek to recruit their slender means by supplying the constant demand for new plays? and how inevitable that some of them, having been successful. n their dramatic efforts, should give themselves up to play-writing! As do the great, so will the small. What the Inns-of-Court man did, the attorney would try to do. The players, though they loved the patronage of a lord, were very democratic in the matter of playmaking. If a play filled the house, they did not trouble themselves about the social or professional rank of him who wrote it; and thus came about that common practice for shifting companions to leave the trade of Noverint and busy themselves with the endeavors of art; and hence it is that the plays of the period of which we are writing have, in many passages, so strong a tinge of law. One reason for the regarding of Nashs sneer as especially directed against Shakespeare is the occurrence in it of the phrase, whole HamletsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?I should say, handfuls of tragical speeches, which has been looked upon as an allusion to Shakespeares great tragedy. But the earliest edition of Hamlet known was published in 1603, and even this is all imperfect and surreptitiously obtained copy of an early sketch of the play. That Shakespeare had written this tragedy in 1586, when he was but twenty-two years old, is improbable to the verge of impossibility; and Nashs allusion, if, indeed, he meant a punning sneer at a play, which is not certain, was, doubtless, to an old lost version of the Danish tragedy upon which Shakespeare built Hamlet. We have, then, direct contemporary testimony, that, at the period of Shakespeares entrance upon London ife, it was a common practice for those lawyers whom want of success or all unstable disposition impelled to a change in their avocation to devote themselves to writing or translating plays; and this statement is not only sustained by all that we know of the customs of the time to which it refers, but is strongly confirmed by the notably frequent occurrence of legal phrases in the dramatic literature of that age. But the question, then, arisesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?and it is one which, under the, circumstances, must be answeredÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?To what must we attribute the fact, that, of all the plays that have come down to us, written between 1580 and 1620, Shakespeares are most noteworthy in this respect? For it is true, that, among all the dramatic writers of that period, whose works have survived, not one uses the phraseology of the law with the frequency, the freedom, and the correctness of Shakespeare. Beaumont, for instance, was a younger son of a Judge of the Common Pleas, and, following the common routine that we have noticed, after leaving the University, became an Inns-of-Court man, but soon abandoned law for literature; his friend and associate, Fletcher, was the son of a bishop, but had an uncle who was a lawyer and a diplomatist, and is himself believed to have been of the Inns of Court. Rich gleanings of law-terms might, therefore, be expected from the plays written by these dramatists; yet it may safely be asserted, that from. Shakespeares thirty-seven plays at least twice as many passages marked by legal phraseology might be produced, as from the fifty-four written by Beaumont and Fletcher, together or alone! a fact the great significance of which is heightened by anotherÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that it is only the vocabulary of the law to the use of which Shakespeare exhibits this proclivity. He avails himself, it is true, of the peculiar language of the physician, the divine, the husbandman, the soldier, and the sailor; but he uses these only on very rare occasions, by way of description, comparison, or illustration, when something in the scene or the subject in hand suggests them. But the technical language of the law runs from his pen as part of his vocabulary and parcel of his thought. The word purchase, for instance, which in ordinary use means to acquire by giving value, in law applies to all legal modes of obtaining property, except inheritance of descent. And the word in this peculiar and most technical sense occurs five times in Shakespeares thirty-seven plays, but only in a single passage if our memory and Mr. Dyces notes serve us in the fifty-four plays of Beaumont and Fletcher. Equal, or greater, is the comparative frequency with which Shakespeare uses other legal phrases; and much wider is the, disparity, in this regard, between him and the other dramatic writers of his whole periodÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Marlowe, Greene, Peele, Kyd, Lilly, Chapman, Jonson, Middleton, Marston, Ford, Webster, Massinger, and the undistinguished crowd. These facts dispose in great measure of the plausible suggestion which has been madeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that, as the courts of law in Shakespeares time occupied public attention much more than they do at present, they having then regulated the season, as the sittings of Parliament not then frequent or stated do now,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡ they would naturally be frequented by the restless, inquiring spirits of the time, Shakespeare among them, and that there he and his fellow-dramatists picked up the law-phrases which they wove into their plays and poems. But if this view of the case were the correct one, we should not find that disparity in the use of legal phrases which we have just remarked. Shakespeares genius would manifest itself in the superior effect with which he used knowledge acquired in this manner; but his genius would not have led him to choose the dry and affected phraseology of the law as the vehicle of his flowing thought, and to use it so much oftener than any other of the numerous dramatists of his time, to all of whom the courts were as open as to him. And the suggestion which we are now considering fails in two other most important respects. For we do not find either that Shakespeares use of legal phrases increased with his opportunities of frequenting the courts of law, or that the law-phrases, his use of which is most noteworthy and of most importance in the consideration of the question before us, are those which he would have heard oftenest in the course of the ordinary business of the courts in his day. To look at the latter point first, the law-terms used by Shakespeare are generally not those which he would have heard in ordinary trials at nisi prius or before the Kings Bench, but such as refer to the tenure or transfer of real property, fine and recovery, statutes, purchase, indenture, tenure, double voucher, fee simple, fee farm, remainder, reversion, dower, forfeiture, etc. , etc. ; and it is important to remember that suits about the title to real estate are very much rarer in England than they are with us, and in England were very much rarer in Shakespeares time than they are now. Here we buy and sell houses and lands almost as we trade in corn and cotton; but in England the transfer of the title of a piece of real estate of any consequence is a serious and comparatively rare occurrence, that makes great work for attorneys and conveyancing counsel; and two hundred and fifty years ago the facilities in this respect were very much less than they are now. Shakespeare could hardly have picked up his conveyancers jargon by hanging round the courts of law; and we findÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?to return to the first objectionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that, in his early plays, written just after he arrived in London, he uses this peculiar phraseology just as freely and with as exact a knowledge as he displayed in after years, when on the supposition in question he must have become much more familiar with it. Shakespeares earliest work that has reached us is, doubtless, to be found in King Henry the Sixth, The Comedy of Errors, and Loves Labors Lost. In the very earliest form of Part II of the first-named play The First Part of the Contention betwixt the two Houses of York and Lancaster, to which Shakespeare was doubtless a contributor, the part of Cade being among his contributions we find him making Cade declare Act iv. Sc. 7 Men shall hold of me in capite; and we charge and command that wives be as free as heart can wis h or tongue can tell. Both the phrases that we have Italicized express tenures, and very uncommon tenures of land. In the Comedy of Errors, when Dromio of Syracuse says Theres no time for a man to recover his hair that grows bald by nature, his master replies, May he not do it by fine and recovery? Fine and recovery was a process by which, through a fictitious suit, a transfer was made of the title in an entailed estate. In Loves Labors Lost, almost without a doubt the first comedy that Shakespeare wrote, on Boyets offering to kiss Maria, Act ii. Sc. 1 she declines the salute, and says, My lips are no common, though several they be. This passageÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?an important one for his purposeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Lord Campbell has passed by, as he has some others of nearly equal consequence. Marias allusion is plainly to tenancy in common by several i. e. , divided, distinct title. See Coke upon Littleton, Lib. iii. Cap. iv. See. 292. She means, that her lips are several as being two, and as she says in the next line as belonging in common to her fortunes and herselfÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?yet they were no common pasture. Here, then, is Shakespeare using the technical language of conveyancers in his earliest works, and before he had ha d much opportunity to haunt the courts of law in London, even could he have made such legal acquirements in those schools. We find, too, that he uses law-terms in general with frequency notably greaterÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?in an excess of three or four to oneÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?than any of the other playwrights of his day, when so many playwrights were or had been Noverints or of the Inns of Court; that this excess is not observable with regard to his use of the vocabulary peculiar to any other occupation or profession, even that of the actor, which we know that he practised for many years but that, on the contrary, although he uses other technical language correctly, he avails himself of that of any single art or occupation with great rarity, and only upon special occasions. Lord Campbell remarks, as to the correctness with which Shakespeare uses legal phrasesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and this is a point upon which his Lordship speaks with authorityÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that he is amazed by the accuracy and propriety with which they are introduced, and in another place adds that Shakespeare uniformly lays down good law; and it is not necessary to be a Chief Justice of the Queens Bench to know that his Lordship is fully justified in assuring us that there is nothing so dangerous as for one not of the craft to tamper with our free-masonry. Remembering, then, that genius, though it reveals general and even particular truths, and facilitates all acquirement, does not impart facts or the knowledge of technical terms, in what manner can we answer or set aside the question that we have partly stated beforeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?How did it happen that in an age when it was a common practice for young attorneys and barristers to leave their profession and take to writing plays and poems, one playwright left upon his works a stronger, clearer, sharper legal stamp than we can detect upon those of any other, and that he used the very peculiar and, to a layman, incomprehensible language of the law of real property, as it then existed, in his very earliest plays, written soon after he, a raw, rustic youth, bred in a retired village, arrived in London? How did it happen that this playwright ell into the use of that technical phraseology, the proper employment of which, more than any other, demands special training, and that he availed himself of it with apparent unconsciousness, not only so much oftener than all of his contemporaries, but with such exact knowledge, that one who has passed a long life in the professional employment of it, speaking as it were officially from the eminent position which he has wonÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Lord CampbellÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?declares that, While novelists and dramatists are constantly making mistakes as to the law of marriage, of wills, and of inheritance, to Shakespeares law, lavishly as he propounds it, there can neither be demurrer, nor bill of exceptions, nor writ of error? Must we believe, that the man, who, among all the lawyer-playwrights of his day, showedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?not, be it noticed as we are at present regarding his works the profoundest knowledge of the great principles of law and equity, although he did that tooÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?but the most complete mastery of the technical phrases, the jargon, of the law and of its most abstruse branchÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that relating to real estateÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?and who used it very much the oftenest of them all, and with an air of as entire unconsciousness as if it were a part of the language of his daily life, making no mistakes that can be detected by a learned professional criticÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?must we believe that this man was distinguished among those play-writing lawyers, not only by his genius, but his lack of particular acquaintance with the law? Or shall we rather believe that the son of the High Bailiff of Stratford, whose father was well-to-do in the world, and who was a somewhat clever lad and ambitious withal, was allowed to commence his studies for a profession for which his cleverness fitted him and by which he might reasonably hope to rise at least to moderate wealth and distinction, and that he continued these studies until his fathers loss of property, aided, perhaps, by some of those acts of youthful indiscretion which clever lads as well as dull ones sometimes will commit, threw him upon his own resourcesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?and that then, having townsmen, perhaps fellow-students and playfellows, among the actors in London, and having used his pen, as we may be sure he had, for other purposes than engrossing and drawing precedents, he, like so many others of his time, left his trade of Noverint and went up to the metropolis to busy himself with endeavors of art? One of these conclusions is in the fac e of reason, probability, and fact; the other in accordance with them all. But of how little real importance is it to establish the bare fact, that Shakespeare was an attorneys cleric before he was an actor! Suppose it proved, beyond a doubtÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?what have we learned? Nothing peculiar to Shakespeare; but merely what was equally true of thousands of other young men, his contemporaries, and hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of those of antecedent and succeeding generations. It has a naked material relation to the other fact, that he uses legal phrases oftener than any other dramatist or poet; but with his plastic power over those grotesque and rugged modes of speech it has nought to do whatever. That was his inborn mastery. Legal phrases did nothing for him; but he much for them. Chance cast their uncouth forms around him, and the golden overflow from the furnace of his glowing thought fell upon them, glorifying and enshielding them forever. It would have been the same with the lumber of any other craft; it was the same with that of many othersÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?the difference being only of quantity, and not of kind. How, then, would the certainty that he had been bred to the law help us to the knowledge of Shakespeares lifeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?of what he did for himself, thought for himself, how he joyed, how he suffered, what he was? Would it help us to know what the Stratford boys thought of him and felt toward him who was to write Lear and Hamlet, or how the men of London rewarded him who was a-writing them? Not a whit. To prove the fact would merely satisfy sheer aimless, fruitless curiosity; and it is a source of some reasonable satisfaction to know that the very people who would be most interested in the perusal of a biography of Shakespeare made up of the relation of such facts are they who have least right to know anything about him. Of the hundreds of thousands of people who giggled through their senseless hour at the American CousinÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?a play which in language, in action, in character, presents no semblance to human life or human creatures, as they are found on any spot under the canopy, and which seems to have been written on the model of the Interlude of Pyramus and Thisbe, for, in all the play, there is not one word apt, one player fittedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?of the people to whom this play owed its monstrous success, and who, for that very reason, it is safe to say, think Shakespeare a bore on the stage and off it, a goodly number would eagerly buy and read a book that told them when he went to bed and what he had for breakfast, and would pay a ready five-cent piece for a picture of him, as he appeared in the attorneys office, to preserve as a companion to the equally veritable portrait of the Hon. Daniel E. Sickles, as he appeared in prison. Nay, it must be confessed that there are some Shakespearean enthusiasts ever dabbling and gabbling about what they call Shakespeariana, who would give more for the pen with which he engrossed a deed or wrote Hamlet, than for the ability to understand better than they do or ever can, what he meant by that mysterious tragedy. Biography has its charms and its uses; but it is not by what we know of their bare external facts that Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And departing leave behind us Footprints on the sands, of time. What the readers of Shakespeare, who are worthy to know aught of him long to know, would have been the same, had he been bred lawyer, physician, soldier, or sailor. It is of his real life, not of its mere accidents, that they crave a knowledge; and of that life, it is to be feared, they will remain forever ignorant, unless he himself has written it.

Consumer Behavior free essay sample

The target audience for a drink like Gatorade is young adults. Following the research step of the consumer purchasing tree, the next step would be the process of decision-making from the consumers stand point, this will lead to the products ability to serve the customer in form of product availability and people around that may sway the decision-making. The availability of the product when the consumer wants it is also important, for this reason a marketer must consider the who, when, why and where in the consumers decision-making process. Consumer behavior can also be affected by many other factors that will be discussed throughout our report. The most important thing a marketer has to be to segment the market appropriately with a product like Gatorade you have so many other competitors like PowerAde and Vitamin Water, the marketer needs to know which groups of consumers are more likely to purchase this specific product. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Gatorade’s case, the marketers are more likely to target men that are in to sports or men that want to consider themselves as big and strong. Gatorade also needs to determine the positioning of the product in the market in regards to its competitors, there are so many energy drinks out there that Gatorade needs to state how there drink is better than those offered by others. This can only be done by understanding the consumers of the drink and satisfying their wants and needs, so they don’t have to go elsewhere to get what they want and need. Motivation, ability and opportunity are very important aspects of the success for a drink like Gatorade. Motivation is what drives a consumer to take action; a person that is thirsty drives motivates a consumer to find a way to satisfy their thirst. In Gatorade’s case motivation does not take considerable behavior because Gatorade is not an expensive product and one can just go into practically any store and be able to find a bottle of Gatorade. One key factor that affects motivation when it comes to a product like Gatorade is its personal relevance on a consumer’s life, thus a consumer who is health-conscious will likely choose Gatorade because it has approximately 50 calories per 8-oz. erving. It generally comes in large portions, though, so a bottle will have 100 to 200 calories at most. The perceived risk can also determine if a Gatorade drink will be purchased or not, in this case a Gatorade drinker will not consider any of the attributes of the products to be risky; because the bottle contains all its nutritional facts so that lack of information cannot be applied, t he low price also make the product low risk, but one important aspect that may change it is the brand differentiation, â€Å"what makes Gatorade better than the competitors? †. This is the most important task marketers have to convince the buyer. â€Å"Since Gatorade is a product that is basically used to relieve thirst, consumers don’t have many factors that affect their abilities to process information about Gatorade and make decisions about and engage in its buying, usage, and disposition of the drink. The final factor affecting whether motivation results in action is a consumer’s opportunity to engage in a behavior. Time, distractions, and the amount, repetition, and control of information all affect a consumers’ opportunity to process information. Gatorade, like any other product, can be affected by the time pressures of consumers and distractions that might deter or delay them from purchasing a Gatorade bottle; but Gatorade has been successful in using many marketing communications and repeated advertisements to give consumers the opportunity to better learn about Gatorade          What current Gatorade consumers have already learned about previously is referred to as knowledge content. Gatorade has already reached a state in which many people know much about the product, their advertisements and how to shop for Gatorade products. Therefore, Gatorade consumers have high knowledge content about the products of the Gatorade brand. Gatorade has done a significant amount of work over the past couple of years to establish a well-known brand name and brand symbol. Most consumers recognize the brand symbol of a lightning bolt that is displayed in almost all Gatorade bottles. These consumers have also used some or most of Gatorade’s products more than one time. Consumers also need not only knowledge when purchasing a product but also need to use that knowledge to understand what matters the most to them. Consumers look for three essential qualifications when purchasing beverages: safety (expiration), efficiency (taste/flavor), and price/familiarity. Expiration dates don’t necessarily pertain to Gatorade drinks because the drinks have a high shelf life and almost always sell much prior to the expiration dates. However, in the case of an expiration date, blame would be based on the retailer to pull any expired food or beverage product off of their shelves. Taste plays a big role in consumer behavior because people want to drink things that taste good and are good for them. Gatorade offers an array of flavors for their consumers ranging from fruit punch to lemon to mango. The company had also stated from the launch in 1965 that the drinks have electrolytes making the drink provide you with a better performance for a workout. Familiarity is a quality that Gatorade has acquired over the years due to high knowledge content and positive feedback from consumers. Due to the high quality that Gatorade has provided over the years of great tasting beverages, consumers are familiar with the product and tend to repurchase the product. Gatorade has many different purposes but the main objective of Gatorade along with many other performance beverages is to quickly rehydrate one’s body effiecntly and quickly. Marketing has helped Gatorade grow it brand and most consumers tend to believe what is on the bottle without doing extreme research. One way to examine the validity of Gatorade’s claims is by examining experimental. As noted the research has confirmed that for the most part the claims made by Gatorade are true. However it is important to note that Gatorade is not needed for every workout and sometime water works better than Gatorade. What this research provides is a greater sense of satisfaction when a consumer purchases a Gatorade bottle; they believe their evaluations of what Gatorade will offer them will fulfill their needs. Customer satisfaction is important to Gatorade because satisfied customers are more likely to remain customers, be brand loyal, and be committed to the product. Several diversity influences affect consumer behavior, they include: age, gender, the region in which consumers live in, and among subgroups of individuals with unique patterns of ethnicity and religion because of their different traditions, customs, and preferences. Gatorade consumers are usually teens and Gen Y’ers, also known as millenniums. These consumers are media and tech savvy. Gatorade has created a website that has many interactive features; the website is designed to house a wealth of Gatorade-made video content which teens and Gen-Y’ers will spend hours pouring over. And like any other smart brand, Gatorade makes it possible to share the content they make on almost every conceivable platform, such as adding a video to a blog, a Facebook page, or a cell phone. When it comes to gender, Gatorade is marketed to both males and females. It is important to target female, as sports drinks are generally considered a masculine product and athletes are not skewed in terms of gender. Gatorade is also offered in any region where a consumer might live in, as well as to every consumer, regardless of ethnicity and religion. Gatorade was created in 1965 by medical researchers at the University of Florida; Gatorade was made to replenish the University of Florida’s Gators during practices and games. The bright yellow lemon juice and orange lid is a trademark of Gatorade which honors the University of Florida Gators football team. The football team credited Gatorade with their first Orange Bowl win over the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in 1967. Since then Gatorade has been associated with sports, specifically football. Products need to have a symbolic role in consumer’s lives because it will greatly increase brand loyalty and repeat purchases. As a group we have realized that Gatorade has accomplished this in many ways. Since the product was introduced in 1965 many football teams have practice the ritual of the â€Å"Gatorade shower† at the end of the game, after a winning game football players grab a Gatorade cooler and dump it onto their coach. Symbolically Gatorade is viewed to many consumers as a special product that is apart in celebrating an athletic achievement. Companies use different marketing implications to achieve a role of symbolism in their products. However, Gatorade achieved its special status at the beginning of its time. The creation of Gatorade is based on true story that is aspiring and true; we believe that all these elements contribute to the symbolism and significance of the Gatorade drink. Gatorade hasn’t had any major lawsuits where their ethics and the social responsibility they have to society have come to question. Consumer Behavior free essay sample Consumer Behavior: Meeting Changes and Challenges LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter students should be able: 1. To understand what consumer behavior is and the different types of consumers. 2. To understand the relationship between consumer behavior and the marketing concept, the societal marketing concept, as well as segmentation, targeting, and positioning. 3. To understand the relationship between consumer behavior and customer value, satisfaction, trust and retention. 4. To understand how new technologies are enabling marketers to better satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. To understand how marketers are increasingly able to reach consumers wherever consumers wish to be reached. 6. To understand how the world’s economic condition is leading to consumption instability and change. 7. To understand the makeup and composition of a model of consumer behavior. 8. To understand the structure of this book. CHAPTER SUMMARY The study of consumer behavior enables marketers to understand and predict consumer behavior in the marketplace; it is concerned not only with what consumers buy but also with why, when, where, and how they buy it. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consumer research is the methodology used to study consumer behavior; it takes place at every phase of the consumption process: before the purchase, during the purchase, and after the purchase. The field of consumer behavior is rooted in the marketing concept, a business orientation that evolved in the 1950s through several alternative approaches, referred to, respectively, as the production concept, the product concept, and the selling concept. The three major strategic tools of marketing are market segmentation, targeting, and positioning. The marketing mix consists of a company’s service and/or product offerings to consumers and the pricing, promotion, and distribution methods needed to accomplish the exchange. Consumer behavior is interdisciplinary; that is, it is based on concepts and theories about people that have been developed by scientists in such diverse disciplines as psychology, sociology, social psychology, cultural anthropology, and economics. Skilled marketers make the customer the core of the company’s organizational culture and ensure that all employees view any exchange with a customer as part of a customer relationship, not as a transaction. The three drivers of successful relationships between marketers and customers are customer value, high levels of customer satisfaction, and building a structure for customer retention. Digital technologies allow much greater customization of products, services, and promotional messages than do older marketing tools. They enable marketers to adapt the elements of the marketing mix to consumers’ needs more quickly and efficiently, and to build and maintain relationships with customers on a much greater scale. However, these technologies also represent significant challenges to marketers and to business models that have been used for decades. Consumer behavior has become an integral part of strategic market planning. The belief that ethics and social responsibility should also be integral components of every marketing decision is embodied in a revised marketing concept—the societal marketing concept—that calls on marketers to fulfill the needs of their target markets in ways that improve society as a whole. CHAPTER OUTLINE INTRODUCTION 1. Consumer behavior is defined as the behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs. The sales orientation focus was to sell more of what the manufacturing department was able to produce. a) The orientation shifted from producing to selling. b) At some point, supply increasingly reached a point where it was greater than demand. c) The sales orientation began in the 1930s and extended to the 1950s. 4. In the mid-1950’s there was a shift from the sales orientation to the marketing orientation. a) Businesses realized the importance of focusing on consumers and their preferences. What Is The Marketing Concept *****Use Key Term marketing concept Here; Use Discussion Question #1 Here***** 1. The field of consumer behavior is rooted in a marketing strategy that evolved in the late 1950s. 2. Companies determined, that in order to be successful, they must determine the needs and wants of specific target markets and deliver the desired satisfactions better than the competition. 3. Instead of trying to persuade customers to buy what the firm had already produced, marketing-oriented firms found that it was a lot easier to produce only products they had first confirmed, through research, that consumers wanted. 4. Recently there has been an important modification to the marketing concept called the societal marketing concept. The concept suggests that consumers may respond to their immediate needs or wants, while overlooking what is in their own long-run best interest, or the best interest of their family and neighbors, the best interest of their country or region or the entire planet. b) Enlightened marketers take it upon themselves to remind consumers as to what is in the consumer’s long-run best interest; at the same time they set out what their own company is doing in order to be a good corporate citizen. *****Use Key Term societal marketing concept Here; Use Exercise #2 Here***** Embracing the Marketing Concept 1. It is often important for companies to continuously conduct marketing research studies to monitor consumers’ needs and preferences with respect to the products and services that they currently market and what they might develop in the future. 2. They discovered that consumers were highly complex individuals, subject to a variety of psychological and social needs quite apart from their basic functional needs. a) The needs and priorities of different consumer segments differed dramatically. b) The objectives of a company should be to target different products and services to different market segments in order to better satisfy different needs. In order to design new products and marketing strategies that would fulfill consumer needs, they had to study consumers and their consumption behavior in depth. 3. The term consumer research represents the process and tools used to study consumer behavior. *****Use Key Term consumer research Here; Use Exercise #3 Here***** Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning 1. The focus of the marketing concept is to know consumers current needs, and to secure, a picture of their likely future needs. 2. Market and consumer researchers seek to identify the many similarities and differences that exist among the peoples of the world. 3. The marketer must adapt the image of its product so that each market segment perceives the product as better fulfilling its specific needs than competitive products. a) The three elements of this strategic framework are: market segmentation, targeting, and positioning. 4. Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics. 5. Market targeting is the selection of one or more of the segments identified for the  company to pursue. 6. Positioning refers to the development of a distinct image for the product or service in the mind of the consumer, an image that will differentiate the offering from competing ones and faithfully communicate to the target audience that the particular product or service will fulfill their needs better than competing brands. a) Successful positioning centers ar ound two key principles: i)The first principle says that the marketer should communicate the benefits that the product will provide rather than the product’s features. Consumer Behavior free essay sample For example, the success of Creast toothpaste by Procter amp; Gamble, recognized as the best toothpaste by The American Dental Association, was because of it’s consumer learning. Which enables them to add fluoride with the toothpaste. Elements of Consumer Learning Despite their different viewpoints, learning theorists in general agree that in order for learning to occur, certain basic elements must be present. The elements included in most learning theories are motivation, cues, response, and reinforcement. Motivation: The concept of motivation is important to learning theory. Remember, motivation is based on needs and goals. Motivation acts as a spur to learning. The degree of relevance, or involvement, determines the consumer’s level of motivation to search for knowledge or information about a product or service. Uncovering consumer motives is one of the prime tasks of marketers, who then try to teach motivated consumer segments why and how their products will fulfill the consumer’s needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cues: If motives serve to stimulate learning, cues are the stimuli that direct these motives. In the marketplace, price, styling, packaging, advertising, and store displays all serve as cues to help consumers fulfill their needs in product-specific ways. Cues serve to direct consumer drives when they are consistent with consumer expectations. Marketers must be careful to provide cues that do not upset those expectations. Response: How individuals react to a drive or cue-how they behave constitutes their response. Learning can occur even when responses are not overt. Reinforcement: Reinforcement increases the likelihood that a specific response will occur in the future as the result of particular cues or stimuli. Theories of consumer learning There are several theories of consumer learning. These are Behavioral Theory of Leaning, Cognitive Theory of Learning, Involvement Theory of Learning , Behavioral Theory of Leaning Behavioral learning theories are sometimes referred to as stimulus-response theories because they are based on the premise that observable responses to external stimuli signal that learning has taken place. Under the behaviorist approach, consumers operate on the environment (e. g. people do things). There are several types of Behavioral learning theories. Such as: * Classical Conditioning * Instrumental Conditioning * Modeling or Observational Learning Classical Conditioning Theory A behavioral learning theory according to which a stimulus is paired with another stimulus that elicits a known response that serves to produce the same response when used alone. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, was the first to describe conditioning and to propose it as a general model of how learning occurs. According to Pavlovian theory, conditioned learning occurs when a stimulus that is paired with another stimulus that elicits a known response serves to produce the same response when used alone. Pavlov demonstrated what he meant by conditioned learning in his studies with dogs which is shown below: Strategic Applications of Classical Conditioning Three basic concepts derive from classical conditioning: Repetition, Stimulus generalization, and Stimulus discrimination. Each of these concepts is important to the strategic applications of consumer behavior. Repetition Increases the association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus and slows the pace of forgetting. In this advertising wear out is a problem. Stimulus generalization This theory suggests learning does not merely depend on repetition but also on generalization. This helps â€Å"me-too† products to succeed Useful in product extensions. Stimulus discrimination Stimulus discrimination is the opposite of stimulus generalization and results in the selection of a specific stimulus from similar stimuli. This discrimination is the basis of positioning which looks for unique ways to fill needs. Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning A behavioral theory of learning based on a trial-and-error process, with habits forced as the result of positive experiences (reinforcement) resulting from certain responses or behaviors. Like classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning requires a link between a stimulus and a response. This model of learning applies to many situations in which consumers learn about products, services, and retail stores. American psychologist B. F. Skinner is the pioneer in this theory. He distinguished several types of reinforcement in this theory. These are: * Positive Negative * Forgetting * Extinction A Model of Instrumental Conditioning is given below: Observational Learning Observational Learning is a process by which individuals observe how others behave in response to certain stimuli and reinforcements. It is known as modeling or vicarious learning. Consumers often observe how others behave in response to certain situations and the ensuing results tha t occur, and they imitate the positively reinforced behavior when faced with similar situations. An advertisement is shown, where the consumer observes a positive response by two teens. Cognitive Theory of Learning Cognitive Learning Theory holds that the kind of learning most characteristic of human beings is problem solving which enables individuals to gain some control over their environment. Cognitive theories are concerned with how information is processed by the human mind: how it is stored, retained, and retrieved. A simple model of the structure and operation suggests the existence of three separate storage units: the sensory store, the short term store, and the long term store. Information Processing Information Processing relates to cognitive ability and the complexity of the information. Individuals differ in imagery – their ability to form mental images which influences recall. Movement from short-term to long-term storage depends on * Rehearsal * Encoding How consumers store, retain, and retrieve information is shown below: Involvement Theory of Learning Involvement theory proposes that people engage in limited information processing in situations of low importance or relevance to them and in extensive information processing in situations of high relevance. Issues in involvement theory: * Consumer Relevance * Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion * Measure of Involvement Consumer Relevance Involvement depends on degree of personal relevance. High involvement is: Very important to the consumer, Provokes extensive problem solving. Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion Central route to persuasion: For high involvement purchases, Requires cognitive processing. Peripheral route to persuasion: Low involvement, Consumer less motivated to think, Learning through repetition, visual cues, and holistic perception. Measures of Involvement There are several measures of involvement found by different studies. These are: brand involvement, product involveme CONCLUSION Learning certainly occurs intentionally, as when a problem is recognized and information is acquired about products which might solve the problem. Knowledge of learning principles can be useful in understanding how consumers wants and motives are acquired and how their tastes are developed. Also, appreciation of learning can aid marketers of how frequently to repeat advertising messages and develop brand loyalty. Marketing stretegies are based on communicating with the customers-directly,through advertisements, and indirectly,through product appearance,packaging,price,and distribution chennels. So the successful organizations are interested in every aspect of the learning process. However,despite the fact that learning is all-persasive in our lives, ther is no single theory of how people learn. Instead there are two major school of thought concerning learning process-one views learning as a function mental process,that is cognative learning theory and other views it as obsevable behaviors that occurs as the result of exposure to stimuli, that is behavioral learning theory. These theories offers insights to marketers on how to shape their messages to consumers to bring about desired purchase behavior. Besides,this is important that how marketers use learning theories in their marketing strategies, but it also includes ethical issues with consumer learning.

The Journey To Independence For The Americans Was A Long Road Traveled

The journey to independence for the Americans was a long road traveled and it also was a road of luck and coincidence for the Americans and for the French. But in the end the Americans got just about everything they wanted out of the war and the French got almost everything they wanted, but for the most part they both got what they initially wanted and that was independence for the Americans and revenge for the French. At the beginning the French and the British came to the new world because of religious persecution after the revocation of the Edict of Nates in 1685. With both the French and British in the new world, the British was waiting for a fight to break out. In the past , the British and the French always had little fights here and there no matter where they were. Because of this fear of the French, the colonists never explored no farther than the Alleghenies because they didn't have the protection of the British navy. When it came to the French exploration, the French explored as far as Lake Michigan. By 1750, France claimed the St. Lawrence River Valley, the Great Lakes and the entire Mississippi basin from present day Minnesota to the gulf, and from western Pennsylvania to Nebraska. Some of the reason that the French had such success at exploration is because they had good relations with the Indians and they were rarely threatened to displace the Indians from their hunting grounds to make room for settlers. As long as the French kept good relations with the Indians and kep t claiming vast territories, then the British could only go as far as the Atlantic coast. But in 1763, the Treaty of Paris changed everything, the French had been defeated in all parts of the world and they gave up the land west of the Alleghenies and the Mississippi in return for the sugar island. France gave Spain the entire Louisiana territory west to the Mississippi and the town of New Orleans. France was no longer a rival to the British in North America. The French were troubled by the Treaty of Paris and thought that the lands of the west Indies were better than all of North America, so they gave it up. But they all agreed that the Treaty of Paris had to be avenged. The thought of the revenge by the French came into plat only 12 years later when the colonists revolted against Britain and coincidental the only reason the colonists got the chance to revolt to get independence is because the British pushed them out of North America. Also what help the revolt came about is the imperial policies that the British put on the colonists. The seven years' war depleted the British treasury and they figured that the colonists could help pay for it. "Out of all the policy the British made the most aggravating was those over territories, as the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited settlement west of the Alleghenies in order to assure peace with the Indians , the Quebec Act of 1774, which made all the area north of the Ohio River part of the province of Quebec and restored French civil there."(France and the American War for Independence) These acts want against everything the Americans wanted to do mainly because they wanted those lands and they wanted to explore. Many Americans saw taxes as an ingratitude toward them and their rights. Over the years the colonist started to think of themselves, not as British colonists but as separate and equal interest or the North American continent. After April of 1775, things began to fall in place even the efforts from both sides of reconciliation. But the Americans knew that if they were to go against the British, which had the world biggest navy and army, then they would need some help from somebody, but who? "Of course the French , a country that just suffered a humiliating defeat by the British and a country who wants some of the European power back seems like the perfect ally fro the Americans, and so they made the French "Connection"."(France and the American War for Independence) When Great Britain found out

The Great Train Robbery of 1855 essays

The Great Train Robbery of 1855 essays On May 16, 1855, a train owned by the South Eastern Railway, traveling from London to Folkestone, the perfect crime took place. A group of four men succeeded in robbing the train of 12,000 of gold, weighing two hundred pounds, while it was being transported from London, England to Boulogne, France. The plan was in development for many years by two career criminals, Edward Agar and William Pierce. When the two men first discussed the possibility of robbing the train, they decided it was too risky. Yet, neither man could dismiss the idea of the heist. Later, at a chance meeting by Pierce and Agar, the heist was revisited and the two agreed that it would be possible if they could obtain copies of the safe keys. Realizing they needed help, they recruited two employees of the railroad, James Burgess, a guard, and William George Tester, a clerk. The execution of the crime was near perfect and they were successful in the heist. No arrests were made at the time. Edward Agar was late r arrested for check fraud. During Agars incarceration, Pierce reluctantly promised to take care of Agars son and the childs mother, Fanny Kay, but did not honor the promise. Upon hearing this, Agar turned witness against Pierce, Burgess and Tester. If not for one broken promise, all involved would have remained at large, save for Edward Agar. The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 was the most brilliant crime to date, and would have remained unsolved but for a broken promise. In the late 1840s, William Pierce was working as ticket printer for the South Eastern Railway when he met Edward Agar (Yousof). Both men had committed many petty crimes before they met. In conversation, Edward expressed curiosity about the security and procedures surrounding the transport of gold. Pierce explained to him how the gold shipments were sent. Due to a failed robbery attempt on the Great Western Railway, new heightened security measures were implem...

Zetioun, the Man Who Quit Money and the Hero With a Thousand Faces Essay

Zetioun, the Man Who Quit Money and the Hero With a Thousand Faces - Essay Example th three main stages: the hero’s departure from the common world (his/her community), the hero’s initiation into the new or strange world and finally the hero’s return to the normal and former lands where they use the skills built up while in the foreign world to help their communities. â€Å"A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man (Campbell 15).† A close examination of the two books â€Å"Zietoun† by Eggers and â€Å"The man who quit money† by Sundeen clearly fit in the category of mythical stories described here as they reveal the controversial lives of the two main characters Zeitoun and Suelo away from their homes where they battle life out to make ends meet. Zeitoun is said to have come from Syria to live in America where he meets his wife Cathy Zeitoun, a Christian- Muslim convert and with whom they later bear children. Suelo on the other hand abandons his home in America where he worked as a cook, traverses the deserts of Utah and resides within the caves in the desert far from his fellow bipeds, a decision which later on sterns his long term friend. â€Å"In the twenty first year of the twenty first century, a man standing by the highway in the middle of America pulled from his pocket his life savings- thirty dollars- lay it in a phone booth and walked away (Sundeen 1).† The beginning of Suelo and Zeitoun’s stories, narrating how they left their original homelands, went and lived in foreign spheres conforms to Campbell’s mythical format at the first stage where the hero leaves his home and settles in a foreign land on a call to adventure. According to Campbell, the hero often experience several trials while in the strange world as part of initiation into the new world, which they must always overcome. These challenges define the